Entwicklung und Entwicklungs-störungen der Gesichtswahrnehmung im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Zusammenfassung

Das Erkennen von Gesichtern hat zentrale Bedeutung für die nonverbale Kommunikation. Dieser Wahrnehmungsleistung liegen angeborene Mechanismen zugrunde, die durch Erfahrung – wahrscheinlich lebenslang – moduliert werden. Zahlreiche Störungsmöglichkeiten der Gesichtserkennung in Neurologie und Psychiatrie werden diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, dass eine Beeinträchtigung dieser Leistung Auswirkungen auf die alltägliche interpersonelle Interaktion hat. Daher sollte die Prüfung der fazialen Perzeptionsleistung Gegenstand neuropsychologischer Untersuchungen bei entwicklungsauffälligen Kindern werden, insbesondere wenn Interaktions- und Kommunikationsstörungen dominieren.

Summary

Face recognition has a profound impact on non-verbal communication. This perceptive competence is based on inherited brain mechanisms and is modulated presumably by a life-long learning process. Many different disturbances in the proficiency of face recognition occurring in neurological and psychiatric disorders are discussed. There is some evidence that an impairment in these basic perceptual processes have consequences for everyday life-interaction. The authors suggest testing of facial perception as an integral part of neuropsychological workup for developmental disorders, especially in disturbance of social interaction and communication.

Schlüsselwörter

Gesichtserkennung - Prosopagnosie - soziale Kognition - Entwicklung - Wahrnehmungs-psychologie - psychologische Tests

Keywords

Face recognition - prosopagnosia - social cognition - development - psychology of perception - psychological tests

• Literatur

• 1 Amaral DG, Bauman MD, Capitanio JP. et al. The amygdala: is it an essential component of the neural network for social cognition?. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41: 517-522.
• 2 Andersson F, Glaser B, Spiridon M. et al. Impaired activation of face processing networks revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 49-57.
• 3 Annaz D, Karmiloff-Smith A, Johnson M. et al. A cross-syndrome study of the development of holistic face recognition in children with autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome. J Exp Child Psychol 2009; 102: 456-486.
• 4 Anthony EJ. Piagetian egocentrism, empathy, and affect discrimination in children at high risk of psychosis. In: Anthony EJ, Koupernik C, Chilan C. (Eds). The child and his family: Vulnerable children New York: John Wiley and sons; 1978
• 5 Beitchman JH, Wilson B, Brownlie EB. et al. Long-term consistency in speech/language profiles: II. Behavioral, emotional, and social outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: 815-825.
• 6 Benton AL. The neuropsychology of facial recognition. Am Psychol 1980; 35: 176-186.
• 7 Berndl K, Dewitz W, Grüsser OJ, Kiefer RH. A test movie to study elementary abilities in perception and recognition of mimic and gestural expression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1986; 235: 276-281.
• 8 Bölte S, Feineis-Matthews S, Leber S. et al. The development and evaluation of a computer-based program to test and to teach the recognition of facial affect. Int J Circumpolar Health 2002; 61 (Suppl. 02) 61-68.
• 9 Bormann-Kischkel C. Face recognition in children. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1986; 236: 17-20.
• 10 Brigham KC, Williamson NL. Cross-racial recognition and age: When you´re over 60, do they still „all like alike“?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1979; 5: 218-222.
• 11 Brinton B, Fujiki M. Social competence in children with language impairment: making connections. Semin Speech Lang 2005; 26: 151-159.
• 12 Brosgole L, Gioia JV, Zingmond R. Facial- and postural-affect recognition in the mentally handicapped and normal young children. Int J Neurosci 1986; 30: 127-144.
• 13 Caron AJ, Caron RF, MacLean DJ. Infant discrimination of naturalistic emotional expressions: the role of face and voice. Child Dev 1988; 59: 604-616.
• 14 Caron RF, Caron AJ, Myers RS. Do infants see emotional expressions in static faces?. Child Dev 1985; 6: 1552-1560.
• 15 Chung MS, Thomson DM. Development of face recognition. Br J Psychol 1995; 86: 55-87.
• 16 Demenescu LR, Kortekaas R, den Boer JA, Aleman A. Impaired attribution of emotion to facial expressions in anxiety and major depression. PLoS One 2010; 5: e15058
• 17 Diamond R, Carey S. Why faces are and are not special: an effect of expertise. J Exp Psychol Gen 1986; 115: 107-117.
• 18 Duchaine BC, Nakayama K. Developmental prosopagnosia: a window to content-specific face processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2006; 16: 166-173.
• 19 Duchaine BC, Parker H, Nakayama K. Normal recognition of emotion in a prosopagnosic. Perception 2003; 32: 827-838.
• 20 Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. Menschenforschung auf neuen Wegen. Wien, München, Zürich: Molden; 1976
• 21 Ekman P, Friesen WV, O’Sullivan M. et al. Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 53: 712-717.
• 22 Endres Oliveira G. de, Krause R. Reagieren Kleinkinder auf affektive mimische Reize affektiv?. Acta Paedopsychiat 1989; 52: 26-35.
• 23 Farah M J, Rabinowitz C, Quinn GE, Liu GT. Early commitment of neural substrates for face recognition. Cogn Neuropsychol 2000; 17: 117-123.
• 24 Farah MJ, Wilson KD, Drain M, Tanaka JN. What is „special“ about face perception?. Psychol Rev 1998; 105: 482-498.
• 25 Fazzi E, Bova S, Giovenzana A. et al. Cognitive visual dysfunctions in preterm children with periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51: 974-981.
• 26 Flin RH. Development of face recognition: an encoding switch?. Br J Psychol 1985; 76: 123-134.
• 27 Freire A, Lee K. Face recognition in 4- to 7-year-olds: processing of configural, featural, and paraphernalia information. J Exp Child Psychol 2001; 80: 347-371.
• 28 Fulcher EP, Mathews A, Hammerl M. Rapid acquisition of emotional information and attentional bias in anxious children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2008; 39: 321-339.
• 29 Gauthier I, Tarr MJ. Becoming a „Greeble“ expert: exploring mechanisms for face recognition. Vision Res 1997; 37: 1673-1682.
• 30 Germine LT, Duchaine B, Nakayama Ken. Where cognitive development and aging meet: face learning ability peaks after age 30. Cognition 2011; 118: 201-210.
• 31 Goldman AI, Sripada CS. Simulationist models of face-based emotion recognition. Cognition 2005; 94: 193-213.
• 32 Gonzalez LM, Mahdavi N, Anderson VA. et al. Changes in memory function in children and young adults with temporal lobe epilepsy: a follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 23: 213-219.
• 33 Grüsser OJ, Selke T, Zynda B. A developmental study of face recognition in children and adolescents. Hum Neurobiol 1985; 4: 33-39.
• 34 Haan M de, Nelson CA. Brain activity differentiates face and object processing in 6-month-old infants. Dev Psychol 1999; 35: 1113-1121.
• 35 Hobson RP. The autistic child’s recognition of age- and sex-related characteristics of people. J Autism Dev Disord 1987; 17: 63-79.
• 36 Hough S. Recognition of unfamiliar faces and common objects by neurologically impaired-learning disabled and normal children. Percept Mot Skills 1986; 63: 923-929.
• 37 Iacoboni M, Molnar-Szakacs I, Gallese V. et al. Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biol 2005; 3: e79
• 38 Ishai A. Let’s face it: it’s a cortical network. Neuroimage 2008; 40: 415-419.
• 39 Iverson JM, Longobardi E, Caselli MC. Relationship between gestures and words in children with Down’s syndrome and typically developing children in the early stages of communicative development. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2003; 38: 179-197.
• 40 Izard CE. The Face of Emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1971
• 41 Izard CE. (Ed) Measuring emotions in infants and children. Cambridge: University Press New York; 1982
• 42 Jawaid A, Schmolck H, Schulz PE. Hypersociability in Williams syndrome: a role for the amygdala?. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2008; 13: 338-342.
• 43 Kalliopuska M. Relation of ineffective communication of emotion and children’s recognition of emotional expressions. Percept Mot Skills 1985; 61: 1175-1178.
• 44 Kandel E. Das Zeitalter der Erkenntnis: Siedler; 2012
• 45 Kanwisher N, Yovel G. The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B Biol Sci 2006; 361: 2109-2128.
• 46 Kelly DJ, Liu S, Lee K. et al. Development of the other-race effect during infancy: evidence toward universality?. J Exp Child Psychol 2009; 104: 105-114.
• 47 Lacroix A, Guidetti M, Roge B, Reilly J. Recognition of emotional and nonemotional facial expressions: a comparison between Williams syndrome and autism. Res Dev Disabil 2009; 30: 976-985.
• 48 Largo RH. Babyjahre. Die frühkindliche Entwicklung aus biologischer Sicht. Das andere Erziehungsbuch. 9. Aufl. München: Piper Verlag; 1999
• 49 Martinos MM, Yoong M, Patil S. et al. Recognition memory is impaired in children after prolonged febrile seizures. Brain 2012; 135: 3153-3164.
• 50 McKone E, Kanwisher N, Duchaine BC. Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces?. Trends Cogn Sci 2007; 11: 8-15.
• 51 Merkenschlager A, Amorosa H, Kiefl H, Martinius J. Recognition of face identity and emotion in expressive specific language impairment. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2012; 64: 73-79.
• 52 Moore DJ, Heavey L, Reidy J. Attentional processing of faces in ASD: a Dot-Probe study. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; 42: 2038-2045.
• 53 Morton J, Johnson MH. CONSPEC and CONLERN: a two-process theory of infant face recognition. Psychol Rev 1991; 98: 164-181.
• 54 Moscovitch M, Scullion D, Christie D. Early versus late stages of processing and their relation to functional hemispheric asymmetries in face recognition. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1976; 2: 401-416.
• 55 Nelson CA. The recognition of facial expressions in the first two years of life: mechanisms of development. Child Dev 1987; 58: 889-909.
• 56 Nelson CA, Salapatek P. Electrophysiological correlates of infant recognition memory. Child Dev 1986; 57: 1483-1497.
• 57 Newen A, Vogeley K. Den anderen verstehen. Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2011; 19: 62-68.
• 58 Park J, Newman LI, Polk TA. Face Processing: The Interplay of Nature and Nurture. The Neuroscientist 2009; 15: 445-449.
• 59 Pedelty L, Levine SC, Shevell SK. Developmental changes in face processing: results from multidimensional scaling. J Exp Child Psychol 1985; 39: 421-436.
• 60 Pinkham AE, Hopfinger JB, Pelphrey KA. et al. Neural bases for impaired social cognition in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2008; 99: 164-175.
• 61 Pinkham AE, Hopfinger JB, Ruparel KP, David L. An investigation of the relationship between activation of a social cognitive neural network and social functioning. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34: 688-697.
• 62 Ploog D, Gottwald P. Verhaltensforschung. Instinkt - Lernen - Hirnfunktion. München, Berlin, Wien: Urban und Schwarzenberg; 1974
• 63 Ploog D, Melnechuk T. Primate communication. Neurosci Res Progr Bull 1969; 7: 419-510.
• 64 Polk TA, Park J, Smith MR, Park DC. Nature versus nurture in ventral visual cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of twins. J. Neurosci 2007; 27: 13921-13925.
• 65 Potharst ES, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, Houtzager BA. et al. Perinatal risk factors for neurocognitive impairments in preschool children born very preterm. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55: 178-184.
• 66 Ramdoss S, Machalicek W, Rispoli M. et al. Computer-based interventions to improve social and emotional skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Dev Neurorehabil 2012; 15: 119-135.
• 67 Riby DM, Hancock PJB. Do faces capture the attention of individuals with Williams syndrome or autism? Evidence from tracking eye movements. Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39: 421-431.
• 68 Robel L, Vaivre-Douret L, Neveu X. et al. Children with mixed language disorder do not discriminate accurately facial identity when expressions change. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 17: 507-515.
• 69 Sangrigoli S, Pallier C, Argenti A-M. et al. Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood. Psychol Sci 2005; 16: 440-444.
• 70 Sangrigoli S, de Schonen S. Effect of visual experience on face processing: a developmental study of inversion and non-native effects. Dev Sci 2004; 7: 74-87.
• 71 Sangrigoli S, de Schonen S. Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45: 1219-1227.
• 72 Scherf KS, Scott LS. Connecting developmental trajectories: biases in face processing from infancy to adulthood. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 54: 643-663.
• 73 Schmidt AT, Hanten GR, Li X. et al. Emotion recognition following pediatric traumatic brain injury: longitudinal analysis of emotional prosody and facial emotion recognition. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48: 2869-2877.
• 74 Schubotz RI. (Hrsg) Other minds: die Gedanken und Gefühle anderer. Paderborn: Mentis; 2008
• 75 Scott LN, Levy KN, Adams RB. et al. Mental state decoding abilities in young adults with borderline personality disorder traits. Personal Disord 2011; 2: 98-112.
• 76 Sugita Y. Face perception in monkeys reared with no exposure to faces. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 394-398.
• 77 Taylor MJ, Batty M, Itier RJ. The faces of development: a review of early face processing over childhood. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16: 1426-1442.
• 78 Tonks J, Slater A, Frampton I. et al. The development of emotion and empathy skills after childhood brain injury. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51: 8-16.
• 79 Trevarthen C. Facial expressions of emotion in mother-infant interaction. Hum Neurobiol 1985; 4: 21-32.
• 80 Turat C, Macchi CV, Simion FLI. Newborns’ face recognition: role of inner and outer facial features. Child Dev 2006; 77: 297-311.
• 81 Weeks SJ, Hobson RP. The salience of facial expression for autistic children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987; 28: 137-151.
• 82 Wilson CE, Palermo R, Schmalzl L, Brock J. Specificity of impaired facial identity recognition in children with suspected developmental prosopagnosia. Cogn Neuropsychol 2010; 27: 30-45.
• 83 Wilson CE, Palermo R, Brock J. Visual scan paths and recognition of facial identity in autism spectrum disorder and typical development. PLoS One 2012; 7: e37681
• 84 Yin RK. Looking at upside-down faces. J Exp Psychol Gen 1969; 81: 141-145.